TUGAS SOFTSKILL #1 TERJEMAHAN ARTIKEL TENTANG KEBUDAYAAN INDONESIA

ASRI JUL MEGITA (11614748) / 4SA01

KIRAB MALAM SATU SURO RITUAL

Satu Suro marks the first (‘satu’) day of the Suro month, which is considered the most sacred month of the Javanese calendar. Furthermore, Suro is the first month of the Javanese calendar, and coincides with Muharram – the first month of the Islamic calendar (Hijrah). Since ancient times, the Javanese spend the night (‘malam’) of Satu Suro through practicing meditation and contemplation. Besides spiritual practice, ceremonial rituals are performed at the Javanese royal palace (‘keraton’) of Surakarta and Yogyakarta.

Traditionally, the first day of the new year marks the beginning of a new life, i.e. a (spiritual and worldly) rebirth. In this way, then, Satu Suro also can be seen as a cleansing ritual, for it offers the Javanese the opportunity to purify themselves through performing austerities throughout the night. Hence, the majority of Javanese will abstain from eating, drinking, talking, and sleeping during the night of Satu Suro. This is believed to generate immeasurable merit and virtue, which will result in auspicious blessings of good luck, health and wealth for the coming year.

At midnight there is an ancient ritual performed by the royal court servants (‘abdi dalem’) at the keraton of Surakarta. This ritual is called ‘Kirab Malam Satu Suro’ and is performed according ancient tradition, which originates from the early days of the Mataram Kingdom in seventeenth century Java. The Kirab Malam Satu Suro ceremony involves the ritual cleansing (‘kirab’) of the collection of sacred heirloom items in the keraton. The heirloom collection mainly consists of traditional weapons such as ancient kerises (daggers) and tombak (spears), though it also includes several traditional music instruments (gamelan) and royal regalia.

However, perhaps the most unique heirloom item in the royal palace at Surakarta is Kyai Slamet Kebo Bule, an albino buffalo which is believed to possess supernatural abilities. The white buffalo is considered a royal descendant as well. The kebo bule, as it is often called, was offered as a royal gift to Sultan Pakubuwono II (1711–1749), who kept the animal as a pet. Kyai Slamet is a mystical heirloom that is inextricably linked with the traditional Javanese belief system (Kejawen). At midnight of Satu Suro, the Kirab Malam Satu Suro ceremony follows with a procession through the streets of Surakarta. The procession is leaded by the kebo bule, followed by the abdi dalem carrying the ritually cleansed heirloom items. Thus, auspicious blessings of protection and good health are bestowed upon the Javanese.

Source: www.indomagic.com/articles/rituals/festivals/kirab-malam-satu-suro/

GOOGLE TRANSLATE VERSION

KIRAB MALAM SATU SURO RITUAL

Satu Suro menandai hari pertama bulan Suro (yang 'satu'), yang dianggap sebagai bulan paling suci dalam kalender Jawa. Selanjutnya, Suro adalah bulan pertama kalender Jawa, dan bertepatan dengan Muharram - bulan pertama kalender Islam (Hijrah). Sejak zaman kuno, orang Jawa menghabiskan malam (satu malam) satu Suro dengan berlatih meditasi dan kontemplasi. Selain latihan spiritual, ritual seremonial dilakukan di istana keraton 'Surakarta dan Yogyakarta.

Secara tradisional, hari pertama tahun baru menandai dimulainya kehidupan baru, yaitu kelahiran kembali (spiritual dan duniawi). Dengan cara ini, kemudian, Satu Suro juga bisa dilihat sebagai ritual pembersihan, karena ini memberi kesempatan kepada orang Jawa untuk menyucikan diri mereka melalui melakukan pertapaan sepanjang malam. Oleh karena itu, mayoritas orang Jawa tidak mau makan, minum, berbicara, dan tidur di malam hari Satu Suro. Hal ini diyakini menghasilkan kelebihan dan kebajikan yang tak terukur, yang akan menghasilkan keberuntungan keberuntungan, kesehatan dan kekayaan untuk tahun depan.

Pada tengah malam ada ritual kuno yang dilakukan oleh para pegawai istana ('abdi dalem') di keraton Surakarta. Ritual ini disebut 'Kirab Malam Satu Suro' dan dilakukan sesuai tradisi kuno, yang berasal dari masa-masa awal Kerajaan Mataram di Jawa abad ke-17. Upacara Kirab Malam Satu Suro melibatkan pembersihan ritual ('kirab') koleksi pusaka pusaka pusaka di keraton. Koleksi pusaka terutama terdiri dari senjata tradisional seperti keris kuno (belati) dan tombak tombak, meski juga mencakup beberapa instrumen musik tradisional (gamelan) dan regalia kerajaan.

Namun, mungkin item pusaka yang paling unik di istana kerajaan di Surakarta adalah Kyai Slamet Kebo Bule, seekor kerbau albino yang diyakini memiliki kemampuan supranatural. Kerbau putih juga dianggap keturunan bangsawan. Kebo bule, seperti yang sering disebut, ditawarkan sebagai hadiah kerajaan kepada Sultan Pakubuwono II (1711-1749), yang memelihara hewan itu sebagai hewan peliharaan. Kyai Slamet adalah pusaka mistis yang sangat terkait dengan sistem kepercayaan tradisional Jawa (Kejawen). Pada tengah malam Satu Suro, upacara Kirab Malam Satu Suro mengikuti sebuah prosesi melalui jalan-jalan di Surakarta. Prosesi dipimpin oleh kebo bule, diikuti oleh abdi dalem yang membawa barang pusaka yang telah dibersihkan secara ritual. Dengan demikian, keberuntungan perlindungan dan kesehatan yang baik diberikan kepada orang Jawa.

GOOGLE TRANSLATE REVISED VERSION

RITUAL KIRAB MALAM SATU SURO

Satu Suro menjadi tanda hari pertama bulan Suro ('satu') yang dianggap sebagai kalender paling suci dalam kalender Jawa. Kemudian, Suro adalah bulan pertama kalender Jawa yang bertepatan dengan Muharram - bulan pertama kalender Islam (Hijrah). Sejak zaman kuno, orang Jawa menghabiskan malam satu Suro dengan menjalankan semadi dan perenungan. Selain melakukan kegiatan spiritual, upacara adat juga dilakukan di istana kerajaan jawa (‘keraton’) Surakarta dan Yogyakarta.

 Menurut tradisi, hari pertama tahun baru menandakan dimulainya kehidupan baru, yaitu kelahiran kembali (rohani dan duniawi). Sehingga, Satu Suro juga bisa dilihat sebagai ritual pembersihan, karena memberi kesempatan kepada orang Jawa untuk menyucikan diri melalui pertapaan sepanjang malam. Oleh karena itu, mayoritas orang Jawa tidak mau makan, minum, berbicara, dan tidur selama malam Satu Suro. Hal itu diyakini bisa mendapat pahala dan kebajikan tanpa batas, yang akan membawa berkah keberuntungan, kesehatan dan kemakmuran untuk tahun yang akan datang.

Ada ritual kuno yang dilakukan oleh para pegawai istana ('abdi dalem') di keraton Surakarta pada tengah malam. Ritual ini disebut 'Kirab Malam Satu Suro' dan dilakukan sesuai tradisi kuno, yang berasal dari Kerajaan Mataram di Jawa pada awal abad ke-17. Upacara Kirab Malam Satu Suro meliputi pembersihan ritual ('kirab') koleksi pusaka suci di keraton. Koleksi pusaka itu terdiri dari senjata tradisional seperti keris kuno dan tombak, lalu benda-benda pusaka lain yang mencakup beberapa alat musik tradisional (gamelan) dan alat-alat kerajaan.

 Namun, konon barang pusaka yang paling unik di keraton Surakarta adalah Kyai Slamet Kebo Bule, seekor kerbau albino yang diyakini memiliki kemampuan supranatural. Kerbau putih itu juga dianggap keturunan bangsawan. Kerbau yang sering dipanggil Kebo Bule itu diberikan sebagai hadiah kerajaan kepada Sultan Pakubuwono II (1711-1749), yang memelihara hewan itu sebagai hewan peliharaan. Kyai Slamet adalah pusaka gaib yang sangat terkait dengan sistem kepercayaan tradisional Jawa (Kejawen). Pada tengah malam Satu Suro, prosesi upacara Kirab Malam Satu Suro digelar melewati jalan-jalan di Surakarta. Iring-iringan itu dipimpin oleh kebo bule dan diikuti oleh abdi dalem sambil membawa barang pusaka yang telah dibersihkan secara ritual. Dengan demikian, berkah perlindungan dan kesehatan yang baik akan diberikan kepada orang Jawa.

COMPARE THE EDUCATION SYSTEM BETWEEN INDONESIA AND UK

UK

Education in UK is overseen by the United Kingdom's Department for Education and Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. Local government authorities are responsible for implementing policy for public education and state-funded schools at a local level. The education system in the UK is divided into four main parts, primary education, secondary education, further education and higher education.

Compulsory Education

a.    Elementary School

Elementary education was starting when the children was at the age of 5-11 years. There is no test except when they were at 7 years old, children (pupils) are required to take the exam skills. The emphasis is on learning by discovery rather than memorization.

b.   High School

High school was starting when the student were at the age of 11-16 years. Here began deepening lessons. In the 4th year, students take General Certificate of Secondary Education (GSCE) exams. After the examination, students can work, attend training programs at vocational or technical school, or continue another 2 years to prepare for starting in the university, known as the A-Levels.

Education Options

a.    A levels

A Level is a continuation of high school if they want to get into university, which thought for 2 years.

b.   Degree

Degree is a qualification from a university. (Other qualifications obtained after secondary education are usually called ‘certificate’ or ‘diploma’).

c.    Bachelor’s Degree

Bachelor’s Degree is general name for a first degree, most commonly a BA (Bachelor of Arts) or BSc (Bachelor of Science). Student studying for a first degree are called undergraduates. When they have been awarded a degree, they are known as graduates.

d.   Master’s Degree

Master’s Degree is the general name for a second (postgraduate) degree, most commonly MA or MSc.

e.    Doctorate

Doctorate is the highest academic qualification. This usually (but not everywhere) carries the title PhD (Doctor of Philosophy). The time taken to complete a doctorate varies, but it is generally expected to involve three years of more-or-less full-time study.

Basically, the schools in UK emphasized the responsibility to its students self. Its gives the freedom to the students to organize themselves collectively schools from elementary to high levels. With this method the student is expected to become an independent person when they grow up.

Educational approach that applied is the discovery. The implication of this approach is that students are educated to be able to do research in order to develop the knowledge gained. By doing research, students will discover new things that could enrich his knowledge.

The style of education system in the UK is deepening on particular aspects or may be more concerned in specialized expertise and skills in various fields of life according to their talents and abilities of students. With this system the right way to deepen knowledge is through the discover study system. Deepening the expertise and skill is usually done at the secondary level.

The development of practical technology at the secondary level and academic technology at colleges and universities were begun to focus on the primary and secondary school levels. That system will facilitate and help the students to choose to get into the world of work or to go on to higher education. It’s have the similarity with the development of the fields of social sciences and humanities disciplines and the arts (arts and culture) or language. Thus, the pattern of development of education in the education system in UK that used is the press schematic pattern.

Religious education is also applied in the UK. The religious education there is a Christian education.

INDONESIA

Education in Indonesia is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan or Kemdikbud) and the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Kementrian Agama or Kemenag). In Indonesia, all citizens must undertake nine years of compulsory education which consist of six years at elementary level and three in secondary level. The constitution also notes that there are two types of education in Indonesia : formal and non-formal. Formal education is further divided into three levels : primary, secondary and tertiary education. These schools are run either by the government (negeri) or private sectors (swasta).

Pre-school Education

Pre-school education which is known also as kindergarten had a one or two year duration. While this level of education is not compulsory for Indonesian citizens, it is aimed to prepare them for primary schooling.

Public Primary and Secondary Education

Indonesians are required to attend twelve years of school. They must go to school six (or five, depending on the institution) days a week from 7:00 a.m. until afternoon (usually 2 or 3 p.m.). Children aged 6-12 attend primary school, called Sekolah Dasar (SD). Students spend six years in primary school. After that, they spend three years in junior secondary school (Sekolah Menengah Pertama, or SMP). After completion of them, they may be attend three years of senior secondary school (Sekolah Menengah Atas or SMA). Besides senior secondary school (Sekolah Menengah Atas or SMA), students can choose among 47 programmes of vocational and pre-professional senior secondary schools (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan or SMK), divided in the following fields: technology and engineering, health, arts, craft and tourism, information and communication technologies, agro-business and agro-technology, business management. Each requires three years of study. Students with disabilities/special needs may alternately opt to be enrolled in a separate school from the mainstream called Sekolah Luar Biasa (lit. Extraordinary School).

The Higher Education

The higher education institution is categorized into two types: public and private. Both are supervised by the Ministry of National Education. There are four types of higher education institution: universities, institutes, academies, and polytechnics.

The pattern of education system in Indonesia is is breadth schematic. Breadth schematic pattern seen from the large number of subjects that was available. Average the subjects that must to be mastered by the students in one year is about 14-16 subjects, with a lot of material, abstract and less functional.

CONCLUSION

THE DIFFERENCE EDUCATION SYSTEM BETWEEN UK & INDONESIA

UK	INDONESIA
Learning period : Start from September until July	Start from July until June
Learning time : Monday – Friday Approximately 4,5 hours per day	Monday – Saturday Approximately 6 hours per day
Curriculum is not too much Emphasized the responsibility to its students self Concerned with specialized expertise and depth of skills ( press schematic pattern)	A lot of curriculum Emphasize the moral learning and citizenship Concerned on aspects of cognition (breadth schematic pattern)
Evaluation from A-Levels	Evaluation from National Exam
Christian Education	Islamic Education